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Cardiovascular Disease Prediction using Single-Lead ECG Data
Chaeyoon Park, Gihun Joo, Suhwan Ji, Junbeom Park, Junho Baek, Hyeonseung Im
http://doi.org/10.5626/JOK.2024.51.10.928
The most representative approach to diagnosing cardiovascular disease is to analyze electrocardiogram (ECG), and most ECG data measured in hospitals consist of 12 leads. However, wearable healthcare devices usually measure only single-lead ECG, which has limitations in diagnosing cardiovascular disease. Therefore, in this paper, we conducted a study to predict common cardiovascular diseases such as atrial fibrillation (AF), left bundle branch block (LBBB), and right bundle branch block (RBBB) using a single lead that could be measured with a wearable healthcare device. For experiments, we used a convolutional neural network model and measured its performance using various leads in terms of AUC and F1-score. For AF, LBBB, and RBBB, average AUC values were 0.966, 0.971, and 0.965, respectively, and average F1-scores were 0.867, 0.816, and 0.848, respectively. These experimental results confirm the possibility of diagnosing cardiovascular disease using only a single lead ECG that can be obtained with wearable healthcare devices.
Photovoltaic Power Forecasting Scheme Based on Graph Neural Networks through Long- and Short-Term Time Pattern Learning
Jaeseung Lee, Sungwoo Park, Jaeuk Moon, Eenjun Hwang
http://doi.org/10.5626/JOK.2024.51.8.690
As the use of solar energy has become increasingly common in recent years, there has been active research in predicting the amount of photovoltaic power generation to improve the efficiency of solar energy. In this context, photovoltaic power forecasting models based on graph neural networks have been presented, going beyond existing deep learning models. These models enhance prediction accuracy by learning the interactions between regions. Specifically, they consider how the amount of photovoltaic power in a specific region is affected by the climate conditions of adjacent regions and the time pattern of photovoltaic power generation. However, existing models mainly rely on a fixed graph structure, making it difficult to capture temporal and spatial interactions. In this paper, we propose a graph neural networks-based photovoltaic power forecasting scheme that takes into account both long-term and short-term time patterns of regional photovoltaic power generation data. We then incorporate these patterns into the learning process to establish correlations between regions. Compared to other graph neural networks-based prediction models, our proposed scheme achieved a performance improvement of up to 7.49% based on the RRSE, demonstrating its superiority.
A Survey of Advantages of Self-Supervised Learning Models in Visual Recognition Tasks
Euihyun Yoon, Hyunjong Lee, Donggeon Kim, Joochan Park, Jinkyu Kim, Jaekoo Lee
http://doi.org/10.5626/JOK.2024.51.7.609
Recently, the field of teacher-based artificial intelligence (AI) has been rapidly advancing. However, teacher-based learning relies on datasets with specified correct answers, which can increase the cost of obtaining these correct answers. To address this issue, self-supervised learning, which can learn general features of photos without needing correct answers, is being researched. In this paper, various self-supervised learning models were classified based on their learning methods and backbone networks. Their strengths, weaknesses, and performances were then compared and analyzed. Photo classification tasks were used for performance comparison. For comparing the performance of transfer learning, detailed prediction tasks were also compared and analyzed. As a result, models that only used positive pairs achieved higher performance by minimizing noise than models that used both positive and negative pairs. Furthermore, for fine-grained predictions, methods such as masking images for learning or utilizing multi-stage models achieved higher performance by additionally learning regional information.
Improving Prediction of Chronic Hepatitis B Treatment Response Using Molecular Embedding
Jihyeon Song, Soon Sun Kim, Ji Eun Han, Hyo Jung Cho, Jae Youn Cheong, Charmgil Hong
http://doi.org/10.5626/JOK.2024.51.7.627
Chronic hepatitis B patients with no timely treatment are at a high risk of developing complications such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer). As a result, various antiviral agents for hepatitis B have been developed, and due to the different components of these antiviral agents, there can be variations in treatment responses among patients. Therefore, selecting the appropriate medication that leads to a favorable treatment response is considered crucial. In this study, in addition to the patient's blood test results and electronic medical records indicating drug prescriptions, information about components of the hepatitis B antiviral agents was incorporated for learning. The aim was to enhance the prediction performance of treatment responses one year after chronic hepatitis B patients' treatment. Molecular embedding of the antiviral agents included both fixed molecular embedding and those generated through an end-to-end structure utilizing a graph neural network model. By comparing with the baseline model, drug molecule embedding was confirmed to contribute to improving performance.
Graph Structure Learning-Based Neural Network for ETF Price Movement Prediction
Hyeonsoo Jo, Jin-gee Kim, Taehun Kim, Kijung Shin
http://doi.org/10.5626/JOK.2024.51.5.473
Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs) are index funds that mirror particular market indices, usually associated with their low risk and expense ratio to individual investors. Various methods have emerged for accurately predicting ETF price movements, and recently, AI-based technologies have been developed. One representative method involves using time-series-based neural networks to predict the price movement of ETFs. This approach effectively incorporates past price information of ETFs, allowing the prediction of their movement. However, it has a limitation as it only utilizes historical information of individual ETFs and does not account for the relationships and interactions between different ETFs. To address this issue, we propose a model that can capture relationships between ETFs. The proposed model uses graph structure learning to infer a graph representing relationships between ETFs. Based on this, a graph neural network predicts the ETF price movement. The proposed model demonstrates superior performance compared to time-series-based deep-learning models that only use individual ETF information.
Graph Structure Learning: Reflecting Types of Relationships between Sensors in Multivariate Time Series Anomaly Detection
http://doi.org/10.5626/JOK.2024.51.3.236
Sensors are used to monitor systems in various fields, such as water treatment systems and smart factories. Anomalies in the system can be detected by analyzing multivariate time series consisting of sensor data. To efficiently detect anomalies, information about the relationships between sensors is required, but this information is generally difficult to obtain. To solve this problem, the previous work used sensor data to identify relationships between sensors, which were then represented using a graph structure. However, in this process, the graph structure only reflects the presence of relationships between sensors, not the types of relationships between sensors. In this pap er, we considered the types of relationships between sensors in graph structure learning and analyzed multivariate time series to detect anomalies in the system. Experiments show that improving detection accuracy in graph structure learning for multivariate time series anomaly detection involves taking into account the different kinds of relationships among sensors.
Explainable Artificial Intelligence in Molecular Graph Classification
Yeongyeong Son, Yewon Shin, Sunyoung Kwon
http://doi.org/10.5626/JOK.2024.51.2.157
With the advancement of artificial intelligence (AI), there is a growing need for explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). Recently, Graph neural network-based XAI research has been actively conducted, but it mainly focuses on generic graphs. Due to the distinctive characteristics relying on the chemical properties of molecular graphs, we emphasize the necessity for research to investigate whether existing XAI techniques can provide interpretability in molecular graphs. In this paper, we employ existing XAI techniques to molecular graphs and assess them quantitatively and qualitatively to see their interpretability. Furthermore, we examine the outcomes after standardizing the significance ratio of essential features, highlighting the significance of sparsity as one of the XAI evaluation metrics.
Deep k-Means Node Clustering Based on Graph Neural Networks
http://doi.org/10.5626/JOK.2023.50.12.1153
Recently, graph node clustering techniques using graph neural networks (GNNs) have been actively studied. Notably, most of these studies use a GNN to embed each node into a low-dimensional vector and then cluster the embedding vectors using the existing clustering algorithms. However, since this approach does not consider the final goal of clustering when training the GNN, it is difficult to say that it produces optimal clustering results. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a deep k-means clustering method that iteratively trains a GNN considering the final goal of k-means clustering and performs k-means clustering on the embedding vectors generated by the trained GNN. The proposed method considers both the similarity between nodes and the loss of k-means clustering when training a GNN. Experimental results using real datasets confirmed that the proposed method improves the quality of k-means clustering results compared to the existing methods.
Online Opinion Fraud Detection Using Graph Neural Network
Woochang Hyun, Insoo Lee, Bongwon Suh
http://doi.org/10.5626/JOK.2023.50.11.985
This study proposed a graph neural network model to detect opinion frauds that undermine the of information and hinder users" decision-making on online platforms. The proposed method uses methods on a graph of relationships between online reviews to produce relational representations, are then combined with the characteristics of the center nodes to predict fraud. Experimental results on a real-world dataset demonstrate that this approach is more accurate and faster than existing state-of-art methods, while also providing interpretability for key relations. With the help of this study, practitioners will be able to utilize the analytical results in decision-making and overcome the general drawback of neural network-based models" lack of explainability.
Improvement Study on Active Learning-based Cross-Project Defect Prediction System
http://doi.org/10.5626/JOK.2023.50.11.931
This study proposes a practical improvement method for an active learning-based system for cross-project defect prediction. A previous study applied active learning tech- niques to practically improve the performance of cross-project defect prediction, but it used a traditional machine learning model that used hand-made features as input for active learning target selection and defect prediction, therefore feature extraction was expensive and performance was limited. In addition, the problem of performance deviation according to the selection of the input project remained. In this study, the following methods were proposed to overcome these limitations. First, we used a deep learning model that can use the source code as an input to lower the model building cost and improve prediction performance. Second, a Bayesian convolutional neural network is applied to select an active learning target using a deep learning model. Third, instead of considering a single source project, we applied a method that automatically extracts a training data set from multiple projects. Applying the system proposed in this study to 7 open source projects improved the average prediction performance by 13.58% compared to the previous latest research.
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